No. 07 — Relations
Bilateral relations
Brazil’s relationships with thirty partners across six regions — frameworks, figures and the documented record.
Country explorer
Argentina
Mercosur co-founder; nuclear confidence-building through ABACC (1991)
Relationship & developments
- The Declaration of Iguaçu (1985), signed by Presidents Sarney and Alfonsín, opened the rapprochement that led to Mercosur.
- The 1991 Guadalajara agreement created ABACC, the joint agency for accounting and control of nuclear materials.
- In July–August 2026, after remarks by President Milei during a visit to Brazil, Brazil recalled its ambassador and reduced representation to chargé d'affaires level, according to press reports.
Economic ties
Brazil's third-largest export destination in 2024 and 2025 (US$18.1bn of exports in 2025).
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Ambassador in Buenos Aires 2004–2010. In an August 2026 interview he said the attacks on Brazil must stop for relations to return to normal.
Sources: Encyclopaedia Britannica · Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex · O Tempo · Jornal de Brasília · Senado Federal
United States
Relations since the US recognition of Brazil's independence, 26 May 1824
Relationship & developments
- The two countries marked 200 years of diplomatic relations in 2024.
- From 6 August 2025 the US applied an additional 40% tariff to many Brazilian goods, with some exemptions.
- In July 2026 the US announced further tariffs under Section 301, which the Brazilian government rejected.
Economic ties
Brazil's second-largest trading partner; in 2025 Brazil ran a deficit of about US$7.5bn with the US.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Ambassador in Washington 2010–2015. As minister, led talks with Secretary of State Marco Rubio in October–November 2025.
Sources: U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Brazil · CNN · TIME · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex · FGV IBRE · U.S. Department of State (archived) · The Tribune (India) · Al Jazeera
Mexico
Economic Complementarity Agreement ACE 53 (2002, in force 2003)
Relationship & developments
- ACE 53 governs preferential trade; ACE 55 covers automotive trade between Mercosur and Mexico.
- Brazil, Colombia and Mexico issued joint statements on the Venezuelan presidential election in August 2024.
Economic ties
Brazil's sixth-largest export destination in 2025 (US$7.7bn).
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Counsellor at the Embassy in Mexico City, 1990–1992.
Sources: Siscomex — Government of Brazil · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex · Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, Mexico · Senado Federal (primary document)
Chile
Free Trade Agreement signed 2018, in force 25 January 2022
Relationship & developments
- The FTA extends the long-standing Mercosur–Chile economic complementarity framework to services, investment and regulatory matters.
Economic ties
Brazil's ninth-largest export destination in 2025 (US$7.2bn).
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
Colombia
Amazon Cooperation Treaty partner
Relationship & developments
- Presidents Lula and Petro met in Leticia on 8 July 2023 to prepare the Amazon summit held in Belém in August 2023.
- Colombia joined Brazil and Mexico in the 2024 joint statements on Venezuela.
Economic ties
Exports of US$3.4bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Represented President Lula at the inauguration of Colombia's president in Cali on 7 August 2026.
Sources: Agência Brasil · Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization · Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, Mexico · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex · O Tempo
Paraguay
Itaipu Treaty (26 April 1973)
Relationship & developments
- The treaty created the Itaipu binational hydroelectric plant on the Paraná river; its financial annex (Annex C) came up for review in 2023.
- Mercosur founding partner; Paraguay took over the bloc's pro tempore presidency from Brazil in December 2025.
Economic ties
Exports of US$4.0bn and imports of US$3.4bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: Itaipu Binacional · MercoPress · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
Uruguay
Mercosur founding partner
Relationship & developments
- Montevideo hosts the Mercosur secretariat and ALADI.
- Presidents Lula and Lacalle Pou met in January 2023 to discuss border infrastructure.
Economic ties
Exports of US$3.5bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
First Secretary at the Delegation to ALADI in Montevideo, 1982–1985.
Sources: Agência Brasil · Mercosur · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex · Senado Federal (primary document)
Bolivia
Bolivia–Brazil gas pipeline (GASBOL); Mercosur accession 2024
Relationship & developments
- The 3,150 km GASBOL pipeline, based on a 1996 supply contract, began operating in 1999.
- Bolivia deposited its Mercosur accession ratification in July 2024.
Economic ties
Energy trade is the historic core of the relationship.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: World Bank PPP Resource Center · Agência Brasil · Mercosur
Venezuela
Diplomatic relations restored in 2023
Relationship & developments
- Venezuela was suspended from Mercosur in 2016 and, under the democratic clause, in 2017.
- Brazil's embassy in Caracas, closed in 2020, reopened in 2023.
- After the July 2024 election, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico called for publication of results disaggregated by polling station.
- In January 2026, after a US military operation in Venezuela, Brazil told a Security Council meeting that the action had 'crossed an unacceptable line', according to UN News.
Economic ties
Exports of US$0.8bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: Mercosur · Agência Brasil · Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, Mexico · UN News
Portugal
Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Consultation (Porto Seguro, 22 April 2000)
Relationship & developments
- The treaty provides for regular bilateral summits.
- Both are members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), founded in 1996.
Economic ties
Exports of US$3.3bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) · CPLP · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
European Union
Strategic partnership since the first EU–Brazil summit (Lisbon, 4 July 2007)
Relationship & developments
- The EU–Mercosur agreement, concluded in December 2024, was signed in Asunción on 17 January 2026.
Economic ties
Trade with the EU as a bloc was roughly balanced in 2025: exports US$49.8bn, imports US$50.3bn.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Represented Brazil at the EU–Mercosur signing on 17 January 2026.
Sources: EUR-Lex · Al Jazeera · PBS NewsHour · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
France
Strategic partnership announced in 2006; defence agreement of 2008
Relationship & developments
- The 2008 defence agreement underpins the PROSUB submarine programme; the third submarine was launched in March 2024.
Economic ties
Imports of US$7.2bn from France in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Minister-Counsellor at the Embassy in Paris, 1995–1999.
Sources: Agência Brasil · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex · Senado Federal (primary document)
Germany
Strategic partnership since 2008
Relationship & developments
- The first intergovernmental consultations took place in August 2015, during Vieira's first ministerial term.
- A partnership for a socially just and ecological transformation was agreed in 2023.
Economic ties
Germany was Brazil's third-largest source of imports in 2024 and 2025 (US$14.4bn in 2025).
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: German Federal Foreign Office · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
United Kingdom
Brazil–UK Strategic Partnership 2026–2030
Relationship & developments
- A Defence Cooperation Treaty was concluded in 2010.
- The Strategic Partnership 2026–2030 was signed on 26 March 2026.
Economic ties
Exports of US$4.0bn and imports of US$3.8bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Signed the Strategic Partnership 2026–2030 with the UK Foreign Secretary.
Sources: GOV.UK · Itamaraty · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
Croatia
EU member state since 2013
Relationship & developments
- A smaller European relationship in trade terms.
Economic ties
—
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Ambassador in Zagreb 2020–2022; credentials presented on 17 March 2020.
Sources: Office of the President of the Republic of Croatia · City of Split
Russia
Diplomatic relations since 3 October 1828
Relationship & developments
- Both are founding BRIC members.
- Brazil's positions on the war in Ukraine have been set out through the 2024 China–Brazil 'Common Understandings' and the 'Friends for Peace' group at the UN.
Economic ties
Russia was Brazil's fifth-largest source of imports in 2024 and 2025, mainly fertilisers and fuels.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: Itamaraty · Government of India · Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China · Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
China
Strategic partnership (1993), comprehensive strategic partnership (2012)
Relationship & developments
- Diplomatic relations since 15 August 1974.
- Brazil was the first country to establish a strategic partnership with China.
Economic ties
Brazil's largest trading partner since 2009: exports of US$99.9bn and imports of US$70.9bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Met Foreign Minister Qin Gang in New Delhi on 2 March 2023; co-chaired the 'Friends for Peace' launch with Wang Yi in September 2024.
Sources: Itamaraty · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex · Brazil-China Business Council · Consulate-General of the PRC in Kolkata · Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China
India
Strategic partnership since 2006; IBSA and BRICS partner
Relationship & developments
- Diplomatic relations since 1948.
- India holds the BRICS chairship in 2026.
Economic ties
Exports of US$6.9bn and imports of US$8.3bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Co-chaired the 9th India–Brazil Joint Commission in New Delhi in August 2024; met S. Jaishankar in Johannesburg (February 2025) and New Delhi (September 2026).
Sources: Ministry of External Affairs, India · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex · All India Radio News · DD News · The Tribune (India)
Japan
Strategic and Global Partnership (2014); Action Plan 2025–2030
Relationship & developments
- The 1895 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation established relations.
- Japanese immigration to Brazil began with the Kasato Maru in 1908.
Economic ties
Imports of US$6.1bn and exports of US$5.5bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: Embassy of Japan in Brazil · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
Indonesia
Strategic partnership since 2008; BRICS member since 2025
Relationship & developments
- Relations since 1953.
Economic ties
Exports of US$4.1bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: Itamaraty · Government of India · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
Singapore
Mercosur–Singapore Free Trade Agreement, in force 1 August 2026
Relationship & developments
- Brazil is seeking a fuller partnership with ASEAN, according to Agência Brasil.
Economic ties
—
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Official visit, 6–8 September 2026; delivered the IISS Raffles Lecture on 8 September.
Sources: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore · International Institute for Strategic Studies · Agência Brasil
South Africa
Strategic partnership (2010); IBSA and BRICS partner
Relationship & developments
- Diplomatic relations date from 1948.
- South Africa hosted the 2023 BRICS summit that decided the group's enlargement.
Economic ties
Exports of US$1.5bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Attended G20 foreign ministers' meetings in Johannesburg in February 2025.
Sources: Itamaraty · IBSA Dialogue Forum · Al Jazeera · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex · DD News
Angola
Strategic partnership (2010); CPLP partner
Relationship & developments
- Brazil was the first country to recognise Angola's independence, on 11 November 1975.
- A Consulate-General in Luanda was created in 2023.
Economic ties
—
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: Itamaraty · O Mundo Diplomático · CPLP
Nigeria
Strategic Dialogue Mechanism (launched 2013)
Relationship & developments
- The mechanism's second session was held in Abuja.
Economic ties
Exports of US$1.0bn and imports of US$1.3bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: Voice of Nigeria (public broadcaster) · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
Egypt
BRICS member since 2024
Relationship & developments
- Egypt hosted the December 2024 Cairo conference on humanitarian aid to Gaza.
Economic ties
—
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Met Foreign Minister Badr Abdelatty during the Cairo conference, 2 December 2024.
Sources: Itamaraty · Government of India
Saudi Arabia
Investment dialogue
Relationship & developments
- In 2019 the Saudi Public Investment Fund announced it would explore up to US$10bn of investment in Brazil.
- Invited to join BRICS in 2023; its membership status has not been formally confirmed.
Economic ties
Exports of US$3.1bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: ANBA — Brazil-Arab News Agency · Government of India · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
United Arab Emirates
Relations since 1974; BRICS member since 2024
Relationship & developments
- President Lula made a state visit on 15 April 2023.
Economic ties
Exports of US$4.6bn in 2024.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, UAE · Government of India · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
Türkiye
Action Plan for Strategic Partnership (2010)
Relationship & developments
- Relations trace to an 1858 treaty with the Ottoman Empire.
Economic ties
Exports of US$4.2bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Met Türkiye's then Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu in New Delhi on 2 March 2023.
Sources: Itamaraty · Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Türkiye · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
Palestine
Support for a two-state solution and full UN membership
Relationship & developments
- At the G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting in February 2024, Vieira reported 'virtually unanimous support for the two-State solution'.
- In Ramallah in March 2024 he said Brazil would work for Palestine's admission as a full UN member.
Economic ties
—
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
Met President Mahmoud Abbas in Ramallah on 17 March 2024.
Sources: Brasil de Fato · Arab News · G20 Research Group, University of Toronto
Australia
Strategic partnership (2012)
Relationship & developments
- Legations were opened in 1946; an Enhanced Partnership memorandum was signed in 2010.
Economic ties
Exports of US$0.8bn in 2025.
Mauro Vieira's documented connection
No specific personal engagement is documented in this archive's sources. The relationship is presented as part of Brazil's foreign policy.
Sources: Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade · Australian Embassy, Brazil · Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
Tip: use the arrow keys to move between countries. Links to country entries can be shared (e.g. bilateral-relations.html#c-india).
Bilateral diplomacy in pictures
Meetings and press conferences
Captions describe only what is visible or recorded in the image file. Counterparts are identified only where the image itself or its publisher establishes who they are.
Sources & Further Reading30 references
- Comex Stat — official Brazilian foreign trade statistics (queried 11 September 2026)Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services (MDIC) / Secex
- O comércio exterior do Brasil em 2025FGV IBRE
- People's Republic of China — bilateral relationsItamaraty
- U.S.–Brazil relationshipU.S. Embassy & Consulates in Brazil
- Declaration of IguaçuEncyclopaedia Britannica
- About ABACCBrazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials
- Decreto nº 3.927/2001 — Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Consultation between Brazil and PortugalPresidency of the Republic (Planalto)
- Towards an EU–Brazil strategic partnershipEUR-Lex
- India–Brazil bilateral brief (January 2026)Ministry of External Affairs, India
- Republic of South Africa — bilateral relationsItamaraty
- 190 years of Brazil–Russia diplomatic relations (3 October 2018)Itamaraty
- Japan–Brazil Action Plan 2025–2030Embassy of Japan in Brazil
- Germany and Brazil: bilateral relationsGerman Federal Foreign Office
- Partnership Brazil–France launches 3rd submarine (March 2024)Agência Brasil
- UK–Brazil Strategic Partnership 2026 to 2030 (26 March 2026)GOV.UK
- Brasil–México ACE 53Siscomex — Government of Brazil
- Lula e presidente da Colômbia se reúnem para discutir Amazônia (July 2023)Agência Brasil
- Decreto nº 10.949/2022 — Brazil–Chile Free Trade AgreementPresidency of the Republic (Planalto)
- No Uruguai, Lula defende acordo entre China e Mercosul (January 2023)Agência Brasil
- Firma del Tratado de Itaipu — 26 de abril de 1973Itaipu Binacional
- Bolivia–Brazil Gas Pipeline (GASBOL)World Bank PPP Resource Center
- Brazil's diplomatic mission in Venezuela to reopen embassy (January 2023)Agência Brasil
- Republic of Angola — bilateral relationsItamaraty
- Nigeria, Brazil deepen ties at second Strategic Dialogue (2025)Voice of Nigeria (public broadcaster)
- Saudi fund wants to invest as much as USD 10 bn in Brazil (2019)ANBA — Brazil-Arab News Agency
- UAE–Brazil relations (3 July 2024)Ministry of Foreign Affairs, UAE
- Memorandum of Understanding between Australia and Brazil for the establishment of an Enhanced Partnership (2010)Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
- Australia–Brazil Strategic PartnershipAustralian Embassy, Brazil
- Republic of Indonesia — bilateral relationsItamaraty
- Joint Declaration Turkey–Brazil: a strategic perspective for dynamic partnership (May 2010)Itamaraty